Formation waters are natural waters that are trapped within geological formations such as sedimentary rocks, shale, or sandstone. These waters can contain dissolved minerals and gases that are released from the rocks as they flow through them. Formation waters are often found in oil and gas reservoirs and can provide valuable information about the history and characteristics of the formation. Studying formation waters can help in understanding the formation of petroleum reservoirs, predicting reservoir behavior, and evaluating potential risks associated with oil and gas production. Researchers often analyze the chemical composition of formation waters to determine their origin, reservoir quality, and potential interactions with the surrounding geological materials. Overall, formation waters play a significant role in the exploration and production of oil and gas reservoirs, as well as in understanding the geological processes that shape underground formations.